Electronic Distance Measurement - neues Buch

EAN (ISBN-13): 9783642971969
Erscheinungsjahr: 12
Herausgeber: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

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ISBN/EAN: 9783642971969

ISBN - alternative Schreibweisen:
978-3-642-97196-9
Alternative Schreibweisen und verwandte Suchbegriffe:
Titel des Buches: electronic

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Daten vom Verlag:

Autor/in: Jean M. Rüeger
Titel: Electronic Distance Measurement - An Introduction
Verlag: Springer; Springer Berlin
266 Seiten
Erscheinungsjahr: 2012-12-06
Berlin; Heidelberg; DE
Gedruckt / Hergestellt in Deutschland.
Sprache: Englisch
82,38 € (DE)
84,70 € (AT)
106,50 CHF (CH)
Available
XVII, 266 p.

EA; E107; eBook; Nonbooks, PBS / Geowissenschaften/Geologie; Geophysik; Verstehen; Distance measurement; Electronics in surveying; Elektronik in der Vermessung; Entfernungsmessung; Levelling; NIR; Nivellierung; Refractive index; Refraktionsindex; Surveying instruments; Vermessung; Vermessungsinstrumente; distance; edition; review; C; Geophysics/Geodesy; Geographical Information Systems/Cartography; Solid State Physics; Spectroscopy and Microscopy; Geophysics; Geographical Information System; Condensed Matter Physics; Spectroscopy; Earth and Environmental Science; Geographische Informationssysteme (GIS) und Fernerkundung; Physik der kondensierten Materie (Flüssigkeits- und Festkörperphysik); Spektroskopie, Spektrochemie, Massenspektrometrie; BC

1 History.- 2 Physical Laws and Units Related to EDM.- 2.1 Definitions.- 2.2 Frequency Spectrum.- 2.3 Velocity of Light in a Vacuum.- 2.4 Units and Their Definitions.- 2.4.1 Second of Time.- 2.4.2 Metre.- 2.4.3 Kelvin.- 2.4.4 Other Units in EDM.- 3 Principles and Applications of EDM.- 3.1 Pulse Method.- 3.1.1 Principle of the Pulse Method.- 3.1.2 Applications of the Pulse Method.- 3.2 Phase Difference Method.- 3.2.1 Phase Difference Between Transmitted and Received Signal.- 3.2.2 Phase Difference Between Two Received Signals.- 3.3 Doppler Methods.- 3.4 Interferometry.- 3.4.1 Principle of a Michelson Interferometer.- 3.4.2 Principle of Operation of the HP5526A Laser Measurement System.- 3.4.3 Väisälä Interference Comparator.- 4 Basic Working Principles of Electronic Distance Meters.- 4.1 Electro-Optical Instruments.- 4.1.1 Principle and Components.- 4.1.2 Methods of Modulation and Demodulation of Light and NIR Waves.- 4.1.3 Methods of Phase Measurement.- 4.2 Microwave Instruments.- 4.2.1 Introduction.- 4.2.2 Working Principle and Components.- 4.2.3 Effects of Reflections in Microwave EDM (Multipath).- 5 Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves Through the Atmosphere.- 5.1 Atmospheric Transmittance.- 5.2 Range of EDM Instruments.- 5.3 Phase Refractive Index.- 5.4 Group Refractive Index of Light and NIR Waves for Standard Conditions.- 5.4.1 First Example.- 5.4.2 Second Example.- 5.4.3 Third Example.- 5.4.4 Error Analysis.- 5.5 Group Refractive Index of Light and NIR Waves at Ambient Conditions.- 5.5.1 Error Analysis.- 5.5.2 Omission of Humidity.- 5.6 Refractive Index of Microwaves.- 5.6.1 Error Propagation.- 5.7 Coefficient of Refraction.- 5.8 Measurement of Atmospheric Parameters.- 5.8.1 Measurement of Atmospheric Pressure.- 5.8.2 Measurement of Atmospheric Temperature.- 5.8.3 Measurement of Atmospheric Humidity.- 5.8.4 Computation of Partial Water Vapour Pressure from Psychrometer Measurements.- 5.8.5 Computation of Partial Water Vapour Pressure from Relative Humidity.- 5.9 Determination of the Refractive Index.- 5.9.1 Normal Procedures.- 5.9.2 Limitations of Normal Procedures.- 5.9.3 Special Procedures.- 6 Velocity Corrections to Measured Distances.- 6.1 Reference Refractive Index.- 6.2 First Velocity Correction.- 6.2.1 Derivation of First Velocity Correction for the Infrared Distance Meter Kern DM 501.- 6.2.2 Derivation of First Velocity Correction for the Infrared Distance Meter Pentax PM-81.- 6.2.3 Derivation of First Velocity Correction for the Pulse Distance Meter Distomat Wild DI 3000.- 6.2.4 Derivation of First Velocity Correction for the Microwave Distance Meter Siemens-Albis SIAL MD 60.- 6.2.5 Derivation of First Velocity Correction for the Microwave Distance Meter Tellurometer CA 1000.- 6.3 Real-Time Application of First Velocity Correction by EDM Instrument.- 6.4 Second Velocity Correction.- 6.5 Refined Method of Reduction of Measured Distance to Wave Path Chord.- 7 Geometrical Corrections.- 7.1 Reduction to the Spheroid Using Station Heights.- 7.1.1 First Method: Step-by-Step Solution.- 7.1.2 Second Method: Closed Solution.- 7.1.3 Analysis of Errors.- 7.2 Reduction to the Spheroid, Using Measured Zenith Angles.- 7.2.1 Introduction.- 7.2.2 Reduction to the Spheroid: Closed Solution.- 7.2.3 Reduction to the Spheroid: Step-by-Step Solution.- 7.2.4 Analysis of Errors.- 8 Miscellaneous Corrections, Computations and Numerical Examples.- 8.1 Correction of Measured Distance to Zenith Angle Ray Path.- 8.1.1 Correction for Unequal Heights of Theodolite, EDM Instrument, Target and Reflector.- 8.1.2 Correction for Theodolite-Mounted EDM Instruments.- 8.1.3 Correction for Telescope-Mounted EDM Instruments.- 8.2 Eye-to-Object Corrections for Zenith Angles and Distances.- 8.2.1 Eye-to-Object Correction for Zenith Angles.- 8.2.2 Eye-to-Object Correction for Distances.- 8.2.3 Numerical Example.- 8.3 Height Difference from Measured Zenith Angle(s) and Slope Distance.- 8.3.1 Single Zenith Angle Measurement.- 8.3.2 Reciprocal Zenith Angle Measurements.- 8.4 Determination of the Coefficient of Refraction from Reciprocal Zenith Angle Measurements.- 8.4.1 Derivation of the Equation for the Coefficient of Refraction.- 8.4.2 Error Analysis.- 8.5 Reduction to Centre of Distances.- 8.5.1 Angles and Distances Measured at Satellite Station.- 8.5.2 Angles Measured at Centre Station, Distances at Satellite Station.- 8.6 Numerical Examples.- 8.6.1 Reduction of a Long Distance.- 8.6.2 Reduction of a Short Distance.- 9 Electro-Optical Distance Meters.- 9.1 Classification of Electro-Optical Distance Meters.- 9.1.1 Classification According to Range.- 9.1.2 Classification According to Accuracy.- 9.1.3 Classification According to the Degree of Integration with Theodolites.- 9.1.4 Special Features of Modern Short Range Distance Meters.- 9.2 Design of Some Electro-Optical Distance Meters.- 9.2.1 Kern DM 500.- 9.2.2 Topcon ET-1.- 9.2.3 Distomat Wild DI 3000.- 9.2.4 Kern Mekometer ME 5000.- 10 Reflectors.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Glass Prism Reflectors.- 10.2.1 Accuracy of Reflectors.- 10.2.2 Shape and Size of Reflectors.- 10.2.3 Phase and Group Refractive Index in Glass.- 10.2.4 Reflector Constant.- 10.2.5 Effects of Errors of Reflector Alignment.- 10.2.6 Temperature Effects.- 10.2.7 Care of Reflectors.- 11 Batteries and Other Power Sources.- 11.1 Review of Power Sources.- 11.2 Batteries Used in EDM.- 11.2.1 Primary Batteries.- 11.2.2 Secondary Batteries.- 11.3 Sealed Nickel-Cadmium Batteries.- 11.3.1 Construction and Principle.- 11.3.2 Discharge Characteristics.- 11.3.3 Charge Characteristics.- 11.3.4 Capacity and Life of Battery.- 12 Errors of Electro-Optical Distance Meters.- 12.1 Additive Constant.- 12.2 Short Periodic Errors.- 12.2.1 Electrical or Optical Crosstalk Errors.- 12.2.2 Analogue Phase Measurement Errors.- 12.2.3 Multipath Errors.- 12.2.4 Experimental Results.- 12.2.5 Reduction of Short Periodic Errors.- 12.3 Scale Errors.- 12.3.1 Oscillator Errors.- 12.3.2 Diode Errors.- 12.4 Non-Linear Distance-Dependent Errors.- 12.5 Summary and Mathematical Model of Errors.- 13 Calibration of Electro-Optical Distance Meters.- 13.1 Introduction.- 13.1.1 Reasons for Calibration.- 13.1.2 Concept of Calibration.- 13.2 Calibration on EDM Baselines.- 13.2.1 Geometric Design of EDM Baselines.- 13.2.2 Physical Design.- 13.2.3 Measurements on EDM Baselines.- 13.2.4 Analysis of Baseline Measurements.- 13.2.5 Determination of Baseline Lengths.- 13.3 Calibration on Cyclic Error Testlines.- 13.3.1 Design of and Measurements on Cyclic Error Testlines.- 13.3.2 Semi-Graphic Determination of Short Periodic Errors.- 13.3.3 Analytical Determination of Short Periodic Errors.- 13.4 Calibration of Modulation Frequency.- 13.4.1 Frequency Measuring Techniques.- 13.4.2 Calibration of Ageing and Warm-Up Effects.- 13.4.3 Frequency Versus Temperature Characteristic.- 13.5 Accuracy Specifications of EDM Instruments.- Appendices.- A. First Velocity Correction for Precise Electro-Optical Distance Measurement.- B. Tables of Saturation Water Vapour Pressures.- C. Parameters of the ICAO Standard Atmosphere.- D. Data of a Selection of Electro-Optical Distance Meters as Required for the Derivation of the First Velocity Correction and for Calibration Purposes.- E. Technical Data of a Selection of Short Range Distance Meters.- F. Technical Data of a Selection of Pulse Distance Meters.- G. Technical Data of a Selection of Long Range Distance Meters.- H. Critical Dimensions of a Selection of Reflectors.- References.