Single-Channel Recording - neues Buch

EAN (ISBN-13): 9781461578581
Erscheinungsjahr: 2013
Herausgeber: Springer US

Buch in der Datenbank seit 2016-07-28T07:45:17+02:00 (Berlin)
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ISBN/EAN: 1461578582

ISBN - alternative Schreibweisen:
978-1-4615-7858-1
Alternative Schreibweisen und verwandte Suchbegriffe:
Autor des Buches: sakmann
Titel des Buches: single channel

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Daten vom Verlag:

Autor/in: Bert Sakmann
Titel: Single-Channel Recording
Verlag: Springer; Springer US
504 Seiten
Erscheinungsjahr: 2013-11-11
New York; NY; US
Sprache: Englisch
96,29 € (DE)
99,00 € (AT)
118,00 CHF (CH)
Available
XXII, 504 p. 136 illus.

EA; E107; eBook; Nonbooks, PBS / Medizin/Nichtklinische Fächer; Neurowissenschaften; Verstehen; activation; art; cell; cell culture; enzyme; influence; liposomes; membrane; muscle; neurons; resistance; time; tissue; C; Neurosciences; Neuroscience; Biomedical and Life Sciences; BB

I. Methods.- 1 Electronic Design of the Patch Clamp.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Current-Measurement Circuitry.- 2.1. Current-Voltage Converter.- 2.2. Dynamics of the I–V Converter.- 2.3. Correcting the Frequency Response.- 3. Background Noise in the Current-Voltage Converter.- 3.1. Noise in the Feedback Resistor.- 3.2. Noise in the Amplifier.- 3.3. Example of a Low-Noise Amplifier Design.- 3.4. Summary of Noise Sources.- 4. Capacitance Transient Cancellation.- 4.1. Overload Effects in the Patch Clamp.- 4.2. Fast Transient Cancellation.- 4.3. Slow Transient Cancellation.- 5. Series Resistance Compensation.- 5.1. Theory.- 5.2. Effect of Fast Transient Cancellation.- 5.3. Incorporating Slow Transient Cancellation.- 5.4. A High-Speed, “Chopping” Voltage Clamp.- References.- 2 Geometric Parameters of Pipettes and Membrane Patches.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Geometry of Patch Pipettes.- 2.1. Tip Shape of Soft Glass Pipettes.- 2.2. Tip Shape of Hard Glass Pipettes.- 2.3. Tip Shape of Thick-Walled Pipettes.- 3. Geometry of Membrane Patches.- 3.1. Patch Area by Observation in the Light Microscope.- 3.2. Patch Area as Measured by Patch Capacitance.- 4. Conclusions.- References.- 3 Science and Technology of Patch-Recording Electrodes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Science.- 2.1. Glass Structure.- 2.2. Membrane Structure.- 2.3. Glass-Membrane Interactions.- 3. Technology.- 3.1. Choice of Glass.- 3.2. Pulling.- 3.3. Coating.- 3.4. Polishing.- 3.5. Filling.- References.- 4 Enzymatic Dispersion of Heart and Other Tissues.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methods.- 2.1. Outline of Dissociation Processes.- 2.2. Access of the Solution to the Tissue.- 2.3. Enzymes.- 2.4. Calcium.- 2.5. Tests of Viability.- 3. Mammalian Heart.- 3.1. Dissociation Techniques.- 3.2. Gigaseals.- References.- 5 A Primer in Cell Culture for Patchologists.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Spectrum of Cell Cultures.- 2.1. Primary Cultures.- 2.2. Cell Lines.- 3. Some Methodological Considerations.- 3.1. Primary Cell Cultures.- 3.2. Culture Milieu.- References.- 6 Patch-Clamped Liposomes: Recording Reconstituted Ion Channels.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Small Unilamellar Vesicles and Recording Accessibility.- 3. Large Liposomes from Small Unilamellar Vesicles.- 4. Gigaseals and Isolated Patches with Freeze-Thaw Liposomes.- 5. Reconstituted AChR and Chloride Channels from Torpedo Electroplax.- 6. Conclusions.- References.- 7 Tight-Seal Whole-Cell Recording.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Procedures and Techniques.- 2.1. General Description of the Method.- 2.2. Pipettes.- 2.3. Electronics.- 2.4. Cell Capacitive Current.- 2.5. Solutions for Filling Whole-Cell Pipettes.- 3. Evaluation of the Whole-Cell Clamp.- 3.1. Ease of Penetration.- 3.2. The Equivalent Circuit.- 3.3. Cell Size and Quality of Clamp.- 3.4. Exchange of Cell Content with Pipette Solution.- 3.5. Junction Potential Drift Caused by the Loss of Cell Constituents...- 3.6. Modification of Channels following the Loss of Cell Constituents..- 3.7. Background Noise of a Whole-Cell Voltage-Clamp Measurement.. 117 4. Conclusion.- References.- 8 The Loose Patch Clamp.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Setup.- 2.1. Pipettes.- 2.2. Principle of Method and Recording Circuitry.- 2.3. Main Amplifier.- 2.4. Series Resistance Correction.- 2.5. Digital Hardware.- 3. Some Examples and Applications.- 3.1. Potential Control.- 3.2. Some Further Applications.- 3.3. Limitations of the Method.- References.- II. Concepts and Analysis.- 9 The Principles of the Stochastic Interpretation of Ion-Channel Mechanisms.- 1. The Nature of the Problem.- 1.1. Reaction Mechanisms and Rates.- 1.2. Rate Constant and Probabilities.- 2. Probabilities and Conditional Probabilities.- 3. The Distribution of Random Time Intervals.- 3.1. Another Approach to the Exponential Distribution.- 3.2. Generalization.- 3.3. Relationship between Single-Channel Events and Whole-Cell Currents.- 3.4. The Length of Time Spent in a Set of States.- 4. A Mechanism with More Than One Shut State: The Simple Open Ion Channel-Block Mechanism.- 4.1. A Simple Ion Channel-Block Mechanism.- 4.2. Relaxation and Noise.- 4.3. Open Lifetimes of Single Channels.- 4.4. Shut Lifetimes of Single Channels.- 4.5. Bursts of Openings.- 4.6. Lifetime of Various States and Compound States.- 4.7. Derivation of Burst Length Distribution for Channel-Block Mechanism.- 5. A Simple Agonist Mechanism.- 6. Some Fallacies and Paradoxes.- 6.1. The Waiting Time Paradox.- 6.2. The Unblocked Channel Fallacy.- 6.3. The Last Opening of a Burst Fallacy.- 6.4. The Total Open Time per Burst Paradox.- 7. Reversible and Irreversible Mechanisms.- 7.1. A Simple Example.- 7.2. Distribution of the Lifetime of an Opening.- 7.3. Probabilities of Particular Sequences of Transitions When the Open States are Distinguishable.- 8. The Problem of the Number of Channels.- 8.1. Estimation of the Number of Channels.- 8.2. Evidence for the Presence of Only One Channel.- 8.3. Use of Shut Periods within Bursts.- 9. Distribution of the Sum of Two Random Intervals.- 10. A More General Approach to the Analysis of Single-Channel Behavior...- 10.1. Specification of Transition Rates.- 10.2. Derivation of Probabilities.- 10.3. The Open Time and Other Distributions.- 10.4. A General Approach to Bursts of Ion-Channel Openings.- 10.5. Some Conclusions from the General Treatment.- References.- 10 Conformational Transitions of Ionic Channels.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Two-State Channel with a Single Binding Site.- 2.1. Concentration Dependence of Conductance.- 2.2. Carrierlike Behavior of Channels.- 2.3. Single-Channel Currents with Rectifying Behavior.- 3. Nonequilibrium Distribution of Long-Lived Channel States.- 4. Current Noise in Open Channels.- 5. Conclusion.- References.- 11 Fitting and Statistical Analysis of Single-Channel Records.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Acquiring Data.- 2.1. Transient Recorders.- 2.2. Computer On Line or from Magnetic Tape.- 2.3. Filtering the Data.- 2.4. Digitizing the Data.- 3. Finding Channel Events.- 3.1. Description of the Problem.- 3.2. Choosing the Filter Characteristics.- 3.3. Setting the Threshold.- 3.4. Practical Event Detection.- 4. Characterizing Single-Channel Events.- 4.1. Direct Fitting of the Current Time Course.- 4.2. Half-Amplitude Threshold Analysis.- 4.3. Event Characterization Using a Computer.- 5. The Display of Distributions.- 5.1. Histograms and Probability Density Functions.- 5.2. Missed Brief Events: Imposition of a Consistent Time Relationship.- 5.3. The Amplitude Distribution.- 5.4. The Open and Shut Lifetime Distributions.- 5.5. Burst Distributions.- 5.6. Cluster Distributions.- 6. The Fitting of Distributions.- 6.1. The Nature of the Problem.- 6.2. Criteria for the Best Fit.- 6.3. Optimizing Methods.- 6.4. The Minimum ?2 Method.- 6.5. The Method of Maximum Likelihood: Background.- 6.6. Maximum Likelihood for a Simple Exponential Distribution.- 6.7. Errors of Estimates: The Simple Exponential Case.- 6.8. Maximum Likelihood Estimates: The General Case.- 6.9. Errors of Estimation in the General Case.- 6.10. Numerical Example of Fitting.- 6.11. Effects of Limited Time Resolution.- Appendix: Some Numerical Techniques for Single-Channel Analysis.- References.- 12 Automated Analysis of Single-Channel Records.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Levels of Analysis.- 2.1. Global Methods of Analysis.- 2.2. Empirical Methods of Analysis.- 3. A Heuristic Approach to Channel Detection.- 3.1. Base-Line Restoration.- 3.2. Finding Background Noise Variance.- 3.3. Frequency Response.- 3.4. Detection Schemes.- 3.5. Validation of Events.- 3.6. Outputs.- 3.7. Two-Pass Processing.- 3.8. Convenience Features.- References.- 13 Analysis of Nonstationary Channel Kinetics.- 1. Introduction.- 2. A Nonstationary Process Has Occupancy Probabilities That Change with Time.- 3. Relaxation of Current after a Voltage-Clamp Step Is a Nonstationary Process.- 4. An Ensemble Is a Set of Identical Experiments.- 5. Ensemble Averaging Gives the Time-Dependent Probability of a Channel Being Open.- 6. Why Use Single-Channel Records?.- 6.1. Single-Channel Recording Avoids Some Artifacts of Macroscopic Current Recording.- 6.2. Single-Channel Statistics Provide Further Bases for Testing Channel Models.- 6.3. Multiple Channels in a Patch Reduce the Amount of Information Available.- 6.4. Conditional Averaging Correlates Channel Behavior with Past or Future Channel Behavior.- 7. Conclusion.- References.- 14 An Example of Analysis.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Computer Programs.- 2.1. CATCH: An Event-Catching Program.- 2.2. THAC: Threshold Analysis of Continuous Records.- 2.3. LHI: Histogram and Statistical Analysis Program.- 3. Description of the Data.- 4. Statistical Analysis.- 4.1. Event Characterization.- 4.2. Amplitude Distribution.- 4.3. Open-Time Distributions.- 4.4. Closed-Time Distribution.- 4.5. Burst Kinetics.- References.- 15 Membrane Current and Membrane Potential from Single-Channel Kinetics.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Probabilistic Interpretation of Hodgkin-Huxley Kinetics.- 3. Gate Kinetics.- 4. Channel Kinetics.- 4.1. First Method.- 4.2. Second Method.- 4.3. Flickering.- 5. Results.- 5.1. Step Voltage Clamp.- 5.2. Arbitrary Voltage Clamp.- 5.3. Undamped Membrane.- 6. Summary.- References.- III. Patch Clamp Data.- 16 Bursts of Openings in Transmitter-Activated Ion Channels.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Background.- 1.2. Interpretations of Fluctuation and Relaxation Experiments.- 2. Observation of Bursts of Single-Channel Openings.- 2.1. Are the Shut Times Exponentially Distributed?.- 2.2. Bursts on a Slow Time Scale.- 2.3. Bursts on a Fast Time Scale.- 3. Properties of Nachschlag Bursts.- 3.1. Fitting of Apparently Incomplete Channel Closures.- 3.2. Complete or Partial Channel Closure?.- 3.3. Effect of Agonist Concentration and Membrane Potential on Nachschlag Bursts.- 3.4. Dependence of the Nachschlag Phenomenon on the Nature of the Agonist.- 3.5. The Burst-Length Distribution.- 4. Definition and Interpretation of Bursts.- 4.1. What Do We Mean by a Burst?.- 4.2. Some Interpretations of the Experimental Observations.- 4.3. Criteria for an Efficient Fast Transmitter.- References.- 17 Is the Acetylcholine Receptor a Unit-Conductance Channel?.- 1. Introduction.- 2. What Is an Acetylcholine Receptor?.- 3. Multiple Conducting States in Rat Muscle Tissue Culture.- 4. Multiple Conducting States in Chick Muscle Culture.- 5. Multiple Conducting States of the AChR in Other Cell Types.- 6. Other Open States of the AChR.- 7. Subconductance States of other Biological Channels.- 8. Multiple Conducting States of Model Systems.- 9. Implications of Subconductance States for Channel Modeling.- 10. Summary.- References.- 18 Analysis of Single-Channel Data from Glutamate Receptor-Channel Complexes on Locust Muscle.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Gating Properties of Single-Channel Currents.- 3. Nonrandom Activation.- 4. Agonist Dependence.- 5. A Kinetic Model.- References.- 19 Experimental Approaches Used to Examine Single Glutamate-Receptor Ion Channels in Locust Muscle Fibers.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Single Glutamate-Activated Channels.- 3. Distribution of Lifetimes.- 4. Recording of Miniature Currents with Patch Clamp.- 5. Internal Perfusion of Patch Electrodes.- 6. Burst Kinetics of Glutamate-Activated Channels.- 7. Agonist-Activated Channels.- References.- 20 Cholinergic Chloride Channels in Snail Neurons.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methods.- 3. Results.- 3.1. Whole-Cell Recording.- 3.2. Outside-Out Patches.- 3.3. Cell-Attached Recording.- 4. Discussion.- References.- 21 Single-Channel Analysis in Aplysia Neurons: A Specific K + Channel is Modulated by Serotonin and Cyclic AMP.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Serotonin Produces a Slow epsp in Sensory Neurons of Aplysia.- 3. Single-Channel Recording: Insight into the Molecular Mechanism of Transmitter Action.- 4. Patch-Clamp Technique Applied to Sensory Neurons.- 5. Serotonin Closes Single K+ Channels.- 6. Voltage-Dependent Properties of the Serotonin-Sensitive Channel.- 7. Single-Channel Opening is Independent of Calcium.- 8. Cyclic AMP Also Closes the Serotonin-Sensitive Channel.- 9. Kinetics of Serotonin Action.- 10. Conclusion.- References.- 22 Cholecystokinin and Acetylcholine Activation of Single-Channel Currents via Second Messenger in Pancreatic Acinar Cells.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methods.- 3. Cation Channels in the Excised Inside-Out Patch.- 4. Indirect Activation of Unitary Inward Currents by Cholecystokinin and Acetylcholine in the Cell-Attached Recording Configuration.- 5. Is the Cation Channel Permeable to Calcium?.- 6. Relationship between Macroscopic Current and Unitary Currents: Numbers of Channels per Cell.- 7. Conclusion and Perspective.- References.- 23 Observations on Single Calcium Channels: An Overview.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Separation of Calcium Currents.- 3. Gating Properties of Calcium Channels.- 3.1. Distribution of Open Times, Closed Times and Burst Duration.- 3.2. Noise Spectra from Patch Calcium Currents.- 3.3. Patch Calcium Tail Currents.- 3.4. Latencies to First Openings.- 4. Conductance of Single Calcium Channels.- 5. Conclusions.- References.- 24 Potassium and Chloride Channels in Red Blood Cells.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Results.- 2.1. Sealing on Red Blood Cells.- 2.2. Cell-Attached Patch Recording.- 2.3. Recordings from Cell-Free Inside-Out Membrane Patches.- 2.4. Whole-RBC Recording.- 3. Discussion.- References.- 25 The Influence of Membrane Isolation on Single Acetylcholine-Channel Current in Rat Myotubes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Results.- 3. Discussion.- References.